Uga tekonolosi, ituaiga, gaosiga ma le faaaogaina

Polymeric mea - o se tuufaatasi vailaau molecular maualuga e aofia ai monomers malomolekulyarnyh tele (iunite) o le faatulagaga lava e tasi. E masani lava o polymers e faaaoga mo le gaosia o le vaega monomer nei: ethylene, chloride vinyl, vinildenhlorid, acetate vinyl, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. I lenei mataupu o le a tatou talanoaina auiliili mea mea polymeric, e pei foi o latou vailaau ma meatotino faaletino, faavasegaina ma ituaiga.

ituaiga o polymers

O se vaega o le molecules o lenei mea o le tele mamafa molecular, lea e tutusa ma le tau aogā nei: M> 5 * 103. Tuufaatasi ma se vaega maualalo o lenei parameter (M = 500-5000), ua taua o oligomers. I le maualalo molecular tuufaatasi mamafa e itiiti ifo nai lo 500. O ituaiga nei o mea polymeric: gaosi ma faalenatura. Le gata e masani lava o lo o taua paʻu faalenatura, mica, fulufulu mamoe, asbestos, cellulose, ma t. D. Ae peitai, o le polymers gaosi faavae nofoia uiga avanoa lea e maua e ala i le faagasologa o le tuufaatasia vailaau o le tuufaatasi o le tulaga molecular maualalo. E faalagolago i le auala o le gaosia mea maualuga molecular, e polymers faailogaina e po o polycondensation, po o le faaopoopo tali.

polymerization

O lenei faagasologa o se faalapotopotoga o vaega molecular mamafa maualalalo i le mamafa molecular maualuga e tuuina atu filifili umi. O le aofaiga o polymerization tulaga - o le numera o le "mer" i le molecules o le tuufaatasiga. Le tele o taimi, o le mea polymeric aofia ai mai le afe ma afe e sefulu o afe o iunite. E le polymerization, o le e masani ona faaaoga e tuufaatasi nei: polyethylene, polypropylene, chloride polyvinyl, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, ma isi.

polycondensation

O lenei faagasologa o se laasaga le tali, o se lotoa po o se vaega tele o monomers tutusa, po o se pea o vaega eseese (A ma le B) i polycondensors (macromolecule) ma faavaeina lava lena o nei ala-oloa: methyl ava malosi, karaponi carbon, chloride hydrogen, amonia, vai ma 'ua al. faaaogaina o le maua silicones polycondensation, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides ma isi mea polymeric.

polyaddition

I lalo o lenei faagasologa o le malamalama i le faavaega o polymers i tali le tele o le faaopoopo o le vaega monomeric ua i ai tapulaa faalapotopotoga reactive, o le monomers o vaega unsaturated (toaaga taamilosaga po o noataga e lua). I le faatusatusa atu i le polycondensation, polyaddition tali e faia e aunoa ma le faataunuuina o i-oloa. O le galuega aupito sili ona taua o lenei tekinolosi talitonu faamalolo resins epoxy ma polyurethanes taliaina.

faavasegaina o polymers

I le tuufaatasiga, o loo vaevaeina mea polymer uma i inorganic, faatulagaina ma organometallic. O le mea muamua o nei (tioata silicate, mica, asbestos, ceramics, ma isi) Pe e le o aofia ai carbon atomika. O i latou o le faavae o oxide alumini, magnesium, silicon ma le e pei o. D. polymers faatulagaina e aofia ai le vasega e sili ona tele, o loo i ai carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, teio, okesene ma halogen. mea polymeric Organometallic - ua tuufaatasi lea e aofia ai filifili tele o isi nai lo i latou o loo lisiina, ma atoms silicon, alumini, titanium ma isi mataupu e mafai ona tuufaatasi ma radicals faatulagaina. O le natura o faapotopotoga e pei e le o faia. E faapitoa polymers gaosi. sui masani o lenei vaega o le tuufaatasi i luga o faavae silicone, lea o loo fausia filifili autu mai le okesene ma atoms silicon.

Ina ia maua polymers ma meatotino manao e masani ona faaaoga i le faatufugaga e le "mama" mea, ma pulega oi ai i vaega faatulagaina po o inorganic. O se faataitaiga lelei o le mea fale polymer: uamea-uga, fau tioata, polymer sima.

O le faatulagaina o le polymers

O le peculiarity o meatotino a nei mea ona o lo latou fausaga lea, i le taimi, ua vaevaeina i ituaiga nei: linear-branched, linear, o le vaega molecular spatial ma fausaga geometric tele ma matua patino ma staircase. Sei o tatou sailiilia faapuupuu i latou taitoatasi.

mea Polymeric ma fausaga branched-linear nai lo le molecules ivitu maua lala itu. O polymers aofia polypropylene ma polyisobutylene.

Mea i se fausaga linear se fepiʻopiʻoaʻi umi pe milo i se filifili helix. uluai faamatalaina latou macromolecules e repetitions o le fanua i se tasi iunite fausaga po o se vaega o le iunite o le filifili vailaau. Polymers ma faamatalaina i le faatulagaga linear luma o macromolecules matua umi ma se eseesega tele i le natura o le sootaga i le filifili ma le va o i latou. Tatou uiga o noataga intermolecular ma vailaau. Macromolecules ni mea e matua fetuutuunai. Ma o le faavae lenei meatotino a le filifili polymer, lea e taitai atu qualitatively uiga fou: maualuga elasticity, faapea foi ma le leai o brittleness i le setete faamālōlōina.

Ma o lenei ua tatou aoao ai e mea polymeric i se fausaga spatial. O nei mea ua avea i le tuufaatasia tasi i le isi macromolecules noataga malolosi o vailaau e afua i le itu transverse. O le taunuuga o se fausaga upega, lea ei ai se faavaa grid spatial lē toniga. Polymers o lenei ituaiga i ai se vevela tetee ma rigidity maualuga atu nai lo linear. O nei mea o le faavae mo le tele o mea faufale e le apamemea.

Molecules o mea polymer i se fausaga apefai fatuina o se pea filifili lea e fesootai i se ioega vailaau. E aofia ai polymers silicone o loo faamatalaina i le faateleina rigidity, tetee vevela, le gata i lea, latou te le fegalegaleai ma solvents faatulagaina.

Le tuufaatasiga vaega o le polymers

O nei mea o loo faiga e aofia ai itulagi amorphous ma crystalline. O le mea muamua o nei fesoasoani e faaitiitia malolo, e le ofuvae polymer e mafai ona deformations tele o se natura feliuai. O le vaega crystalline sao e faateleina lo latou malosi, maaa, modulus ofuvae, ma isi tapulaa, ao tuuitiitia le mea fetuutuunai molecular. O le fua faatusatusa o le tele o nei vaega uma i le tusi atoa e taua o le tulaga o le crystallization, lea o le tulaga aupito maualuga (80%) o polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes density maualuga. A maualalo maualuga le tulaga o le crystallization maua polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes o density maualalo.

E faalagolago i le amioga o mea polymeric luga faʻavevela, e mafai ona vaevaeina i thermosetting ma thermoplastic.

polymers thermosetting

O nei mea e autu i ai se fausaga linear. A faamafanafana, latou faamaluluina, ae o le fausaga suiga i le spatial ma le mea ua liua i se malo ona o se taunuuga o leakage i tali vailaau. I le lumanai, e faatumauina pea lenei uiga. I lenei mataupu faavae polymeric mea tuʻufaʻatasi. e le faamalulu o latou faʻavevela mulimuli ane le mea, ma e na taitai atu ai i lona faalumaina. Sauni paluga thermosetting e le tatalaina po o le liusuavai, o lea e le taliaina mo lāpisi toe faʻaaogā. E ala i lenei ituaiga o meafaitino e aofia ai silicones epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde ma isi resins.

polymers thermoplastic

O nei mea pe a vevela, muamua faamaluluina liusuavai lea ma mulimuli ane faamalolosia cooling. polymers Thermoplastic pe afai e gaosi e le oo i suiga vailaau. O lenei e atoatoa ona feliuai le faagasologa. Mea o lenei ituaiga o fausaga linear linear po branched o macromolecules, i totonu o lea o loo i ai se malosiaga laiti, ma e matua leai lava se sootaga vailaau. E aofia ai polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, ma isi. O le tekinolosi o mea polymeric e pei o thermoplastic aiaia ai mo latou gaosia e faaleleia tui i le vai-cooling ituaiga faaleleia, puna, ta faaleleia, ma isi auala.

meatotino vailaau

O le polymers Atonu e valaauina i tulaga nei: malo, suavai, amorphous, vaega crystalline, ma maualuga le ofuvae, tafe viscous ma tioata deformation. O le faaaogaina salalau solo o mea polymeric ona o latou tetee maualuga e ala o faasalalauga matautia eseese, e pei o taulai acids ma alkalis. e le aafia i latou i corrosion electrochemical. Gata i lea, faatasi ai ma le faateleina o mea mamafa molecular o se faaitiitia o solubility i solvents faatulagaina. Ma polymers ua fausaga spatial, e masani ona aafia i fai vai.

meatotino faaletino

Sili ona polymers e insulators, i le gata i lea, oi latou o ni mea e lē o ni maneta. O mea fausaga faaaoga uma na latou maua le conductivity vevela sili ona maualalo ma le malosi le vevela maualuga, ma shrinkage vevela (e uiga i le luasefulu taimi e sili atu nai lo o uʻamea). O le mafuaaga o le toesea o tightness o fonotaga eseese o le faamauga i le vevela maualalo o le mea ua taʻua o paʻu vitrification, faapea foi ma se eseesega matautia i le va o le coefficients o le faalauteleina o uamea ma paʻu i tulaga vitrified.

meatotino masini

maua mea Polymeric eseese o meatotino masini lea e faalagolago malosi i lo latou fausaga. Ese mai i lenei nofoaga, o se aafiaga tele i luga o le meatotino masini o le mea e mafai ona maua le tele o itu i fafo. E aofia ai :. vevela, taimi, umi, po o le fua faatatau o le utaina, o le ituaiga o le faamamafa tulaga, uunaiga, natura o le siosiomaga, vevela togafitiga, ma isi le peculiarity o meatotino a mea polymeric masini o lo latou matua malosi maualuga i malolo lava maualalo (e pei ona faatusatusa i uʻamea).

O le polymers e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni malo, lea e tutusa ma le modulus o elasticity E = 1.10 GPa (fibre, ata tifaga, palasitika), ma mea vaivai elastomeric, o le elasticity modulus o E = 1-10 faasao (paʻu). Ma eseese uma auala o le faafanoga o.

Mo mea polymeric faamatalaina e se anisotropy folafola o le meatotino, faapea foi ma le faaitiitia o le malosi, tuuina utaina faaumiumi atinae fetolofi. I le taimi lava lea e tasi latou a tetee maualuga sagatonu e vaivai. I le faatusatusa atu i uʻamea, sili atu ona latou faalagolago malosi o meatotino masini i luga o le vevela. O se tasi o uiga autu o mea polymeric o se deformability (ductility). Tusa ai ma lenei parameter i se tele o ituaiga vevela faaaogaina e iloilo a latou meatotino faatinoga ma faatekinolosi faavae.

mea Polymeric mo le fola

O lenei, mafaufau i se tasi embodiment o le talosaga aogā o polymers, faailoaina uma ituaiga talafeagai o nei mea. O nei mea ua maua lautele talosaga i le fausia ma le toe faaleleia ma galuega faamaeʻaina, aemaise i totonu o le ufiufi o le fola. O le lauiloa tele ua mafua ona o le uiga o le mea i le fesili: latou e tetee atu abrasion, maloteploprovodny, e itiiti mitiia le vai, lava ma mausali malosi, maua uiga maualuga o le vali. e mafai ona vaevaeina gaosia o mea polymeric i vaega e tolu: linoleum (roll), oloa pepa ma faafefiloi screed masini. Lenei, ia tatou puupuu vaai i latou taitoatasi.

Linoleum gaosia e eseese ituaiga o tau ina faaaoga ma polymers. Latou tuufaatasiga mafai foi ona aofia plasticizers, fesoasoani gaosia, ma pigments. E faalagolago i le ituaiga o polymer mea, iloa polyester (Gliphtal), chloride polyvinyl, paʻu, kolloksilinovye ma isi coatings. Gata i lea, latou vaevaeina structurally i baseless ma sound-, e talitali faavae unilamellar ma multilamellar, ma faalaugatasi ai, luga corrugated ma fleecy ma nofofua ma eseese lanu.

mea Tiling faia faavae i luga o vaega polymeric, maua lava maualalo tetee abrasion, tetee vailaau ma le anagata. E faalagolago i le ituaiga o meafaitino mata, o loo vaevaeina lenei ituaiga o oloa polymer i kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, paʻu, fenolitovye, o maa o bitumen, faapea foi ma vaega itiiti o le laupapa ma fiberboard.

Mea mo screeds o le e sili ona talafeagai ma hygienic faaaogaina, ona latou maua le malosi sili. O nei faafefiloi e mafai ona vaevaeina i Polymer-, polymer sima ma acetate polyvinyl.