Fua faatatau Molecular ma fausaga o phenol

Phenols - le suafa masani a le alcohols ituaiga laau manogi. I luga o le meatotino o mataupu e acids vaivai. O se taua aogā taua tele homologues hydroxybenzene F ₆ H ₅ 0H (fuafaatatau Phenol) - sui faigofie o le vasega. Ia tatou iloiloina lenei i auiliili.

Phenols. O le fua faatatau aoao ma faavasegaina

O le fua faatatau aoao o le mea faatulagaina o alcohols ituaiga laau manogi, - R-Oi. Molecule lava phenols ma cresols faia māeʻa - phenyl C6H5, lea e fesootai tuusao i se tasi po o le sili vaega hydroxyl Oi (vaega hydroxyl). E ua faavasegaina latou numera i le phenols molecule i mono-, di- ma polyhydric. tuufaatasi Monohydric o lenei ituaiga o phenol ma cresol. E sili ona taatele i totonu o hydroxybenzenes polyhydric - naphthols o loo i ai i lona tuufaatasiga 2 vaega faaogatotonu len¯ao fused.

Phenol - o le sui o alcohols ituaiga laau manogi

phenol faigaluega Ituaiga ie sa iloa uma i le XVIII senituri: o le weavers faaaogaina o se vali. I le distillation koale ta i le 1834 i Siamani, faamatilatila le kemisi F. Runge taʻega tioata o le mea ma se manogi suamalie uiga. O le koale igoa Latina - carbo, ina valaauina lotoa acid carbolic (acid carbolic). ua lē mafai suesue Siamani e faailoa le mea. na faavaeina fuafaatatau Phenol Molecular i le 1842 O. Laurent, oe na talitonu carbolic afua mai i isi o benzene. Mo le acid fou faaaogaina le igoa "phenyl". fuafuaina Sharl Zherar e faapea o le mea o le ava malosi, ma taua ai a phenol. lotoa talosaga muamua - vailaau, paʻu tanning, tuuina atu o dyes gaosi. Uiga o le mea i lalo o le iloiloga:

• fua faatatau vailaau fetaui tonu ai - F ₆ H ₅ Oi.
• Le mamafa molecular o le lotoa - ma 94,11. e. m.
• O le fua faatatau atoa o le tuufaatasia, - F ₆ H ₆ O.

fausaga faaeletonika ma spatial o se molecule o phenol

fausaga Cyclic o fua faatatau benzene ofoina mai e saienitisi o faatulagaina Siamani F. Kekule i le 1865, ma e lei leva ao lei - I. Loschmidt. Saienitisi se molecule o mataupu faatulagaina i le tulaga o se tafaono masani ma alternating sootaga e tasi ma le lua. E tusa ai ma manatu o aso nei, o le mama o ituaiga laau manogi - o se ituaiga faapitoa o fausaga lapotopoto, taua o le "fusi conjugated".

Ono atoms carbon tofotofoina faagasologa sp ² -hybridization orbitals electron. E le aafia i le faavaeina o le F-C noataga o le ao p-electron fesiliaʻi luga ma lalo le vaalele o le autu molecule. E lua ao electron masani e aofia ai le mama atoa. e mafai ona vaai eseese Phenol fuafaatatau fausaga, na tuuina mai le faiga o talafaasolopito i le faamatalaga o le faatulagaga o benzene. Ina ia faamamafa atu ai le uiga o hydrocarbons o ituaiga laau manogi unsaturated, conventionally manatu o le tolu o noataga lua ono lea sui ma le faigofie e tolu.

Polarization ona oxy vaega

I le faigofie hydrocarbon ituaiga laau manogi - benzene, F ₆ H ₆ - electron ao o symmetrical. phenol fuafaatatau ese e se tasi vaega hydroxy. Le afioaga o le hydroxyl solia le symmetry o loo atagia mai i le meatotino o le mea. O le sootaga i le va o le okesene ma hydrogen i se vaega hydroxy - covalent polar. Aveesea pea masani o electrons i le atomu okesene e tau atu i a ona luga totogi lelei (vaega). aveesea Hydrogen electrons ma maua se moliaga vaega o tagata "+". I le faaopoopo atu, o le okesene i le Le-T vaega o le pule o le lua taitoalua electron unshared. O se tasi o latou tosina i le ao electron o le mama o ituaiga laau manogi. Ona o lenei mafuaaga, o le a sili atu polarized fesootaiga, hydrogen uʻamea suia faigofie. O le faataitaiga tuuina atu se manatu o le natura asymmetrical o le molecule phenol.

Ua faaalia ai le faalavelave atoms i phenol

O se tasi electron ao o le nuclei ituaiga laau manogi i molecule phenol gaoioi le faatasi ma se vaega hydroxyl. E tulai mai aafiaga matautia, igoa conjugation, lea se okesene atomu lava pea electrons tosina i le vaega hydroxy o se faiga mama benzene. Faaitiitia o le tau faaee atu le lelei o totogia e se polarization sili ona vaega Le-T.

eseese lava foi le mama o ituaiga laau manogi faiga tufatufaina faaeletoroni. E faaitiitia e le carbon ua noatia i le okesene, ma ua faateleina i le sili ona latalata i ai atoms i le tulaga ortho (2 ma le 6). Pairing o le faatupulaiaina o le totogi i luga o latou "-". E le gata i "suiga density - ana gaoioiga mai le atoms i le meta-tofiga (3 ma le 5) e carbon i le para-tulaga (4). fua faatatau suesuega phenol mo le faigofie ma coupling soofaatasi e masani lava ona aofia ai fuainumera o le atoms o le mama benzene.

Faamalamalamaga phenol meatotino vailaau e faavae i luga o latou fausaga faaeletoroni

Faagasolo conjugation o le mama o ituaiga laau manogi ma aafia hydroxyl meatotino a uma fasimea ma mea uma. Mo se faataitaiga, o se density electron maualuga i le atomu i le ortho ma para tofiga (2, 4, 6) ua faia e le F-T noataga o se taamilosaga phenol ituaiga laau manogi sili reactive. Faaitiitia totogi lelei o le atoms carbon i tulaga meta (3 ma le 5). Osofaʻiga a electrophilic fasimea i tali vailaau faailoa carbon i le ortho ma para tofiga. O le bromination tali o suiga benzene tutupu i lalo o le faʻavevela malosi ma le afioaga o se vaega taua. Faia monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Fua Faatatau phenol mafai ai mea e tali atu ma le bromine tele vave e aunoa ma le susunuina le paluga.

mama o ituaiga laau manogi e aafia ai le vaega hydroxy polarity sootaga, o le faateleina ai. Hydrogen avea atili e mafai ona fetuutuunai, e pei ona faatusatusa i alcohols faatumulia. Phenol gaoioi ma alkalis, ua avea ma masima - phenates. e le tali Ethanol ma alkali, po o nai, o le oloa tali - ethanolates - pala. I phenols tuutuuga vailaau - acid malosi atu nai lo alcohols.

Sui o le vasega alcohols ituaiga laau manogi

phenol homolog fuafaatatau Molecular - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - F ₇ H ₈ O. Mea i le masani ona o faatasi ma mea mata faalenatura phenol, foi meatotino vaimanuʻa. Isi homologues o phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Vailaau fua faatatau - F ₆ H ₄ (Oi) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - F ₆ H ₄ (Oi) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - F ₆ H ₃ (Oi) _3.
• Naphthol. Mea fuafaatatau Molecular - F ₁₀ H ₇ Oi. E faaaoga i le gaosia o dyes, vailaau, tuufaatasi ituaiga laau manogi.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Vailaau fua faatatau - F ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (Oi) (C ₃ H _7). Faaaogaina i le kemisi faatulagaina e gaosia, ma vailaau.
• Vanillin vagana phenolic māeʻa loo i ai se vaega Eteru ma se totoe aldehyde. lotoa fuafaatatau Molecular - F ₈ H ₈ E, _3. o loo faaaogaina faalauaitele Vanillin o se faʻamanogi faafoliga.

Fua Faatatau reagent mo le mauaina o phenols

e mafai ona tauaveina Qualitative faaiuga o phenol mai le faaaogaina o bromine. O se taunuuga o le suia tali a tribromophenol precipitate paepae. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) o lanu i le lanu meamata i le afioaga o le faataapeina chloride ferric. Faatasi ai ma le gaoioi le reagent lava phenol ma a triphenol ua faia i ai o se lanu Vaioleti. Qualitative tali atu i resorcinol - foliga o lanu pogisa Vaioleti i le afioaga o chloride ferric. Na faasolosolo malie, liliu uliuli le lanu o le fofo. O le fua faatatau o le reagent, lea ua faaaoga e iloa phenol patino ma ona homologs, - FeCl ₃ (chloride ferric (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - uma phenols. O le fua faatatau aoao o le mea e iloa ai le auai o nei tuufaatasi i le faasologa o ituaiga laau manogi. Uma le tuufaatasi faatulagaina o loo i ai i lo latou fua phenyl māeʻa F ₆ H _5, lea o loo tuusao fesootai le vaega hydroxy e faaalia meatotino faapitoa. I latou e ese mai le ava malosi e sili faaalia natura acidic. Faatusatusa i mea homologous faasologa benzene, phenols - lotoa vailaau sili atu ona malolosi.