Qualitative tali mo mea faatulagaina anions, cations

Qualitative tali atu i mea faatulagaina, ions ma cations mafai ona fuafuaina e le afioaga o le tuufaatasi eseese le faaaogaina o le avanoa, i le tele o tulaga metotia faigofie. E mafai ona tauaveina e ala i faailoga, hydroxides, oxides. Saienisi e suesue i meatotino ma le faatulagaina o mea eseese, e taʻua o ia o "le kemisi". Qualitative tali o se vaega o le vaega o aoga o lenei faasaienisi.

Faavasegaina o mea inorganic

ua vaevaeina mea uma i le faatulagaina ma inorganic. O le vaega muamua auai i nei vasega o le tuufaatasi, e pei o le masima, hydroxides (faavae, acid ma amphoteric) ma oxides iinei foi ona aofia ai tuufaatasi faigofie (SІ2, I2, N2 ma le isi e aofia ai se elemene e tasi).

Masima fatuina o se puipuiga o se uamea ma se totoe anion acid. O le molecules acid fausaga aofia H + cations ma anions o toega acidic. ua aofia Hydroxides o cations uamea ma anions i le tulaga o hydroxyl vaega OH-. molecules oxide tuufaatasiga e aofia ai atoms lua elemene vailaau, se tasi oi latou ua le okesene manaomia. E mafai ona avea acidic, faavae ma amphoteric. E pei ona malamalama mai o latou igoa, ua mafai ona o le faia o vasega eseese o mea i tali patino. O lea, oxides acid e tali i le vai e fai ai acid ma faavae - o se faavae. Amphoteric, e faalagolago i luga o tuutuuga, e mafai ona faaalia meatotino uma e lua ituaiga o oxides. E aofia ai uʻamea, beryllium, alumini, apa, chromium, taitai. O nei hydroxides foi amphoteric. Ina ia fuafuaina e le afioaga i le fofo o mea inorganic eseese o loo faaaogaina mo ions tali qualitative.

O se ituaiga o mea e faatulagaina

O lenei vaega e aofia ai tuufaatasi vailaau, molecules i le tuufaatasiga ua manaomia e aofia ai carbon ma Hydrogen. mafai foi ona latou o loo i ai atoms ma le okesene, Nitrogen, teio ma le tele o isi elemene.

ua vaevaeina i latou i le vasega autu nei: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, acids faatulagaina (puta nucleic faatumulia, acids amino, ma isi), aldehydes, polotini, gaʻo ma carbohydrates. O le tele o tali qualitative i mataupu faatulagaina tauaveina e faaaoga ai se o hydroxides eseese. Mo nei e mafai ona faaaoga reagents e pei o potassium permanganate, oxides acid.

Qualitative organics tali

Le afioaga o le alkanes ua faapitoa ua fuafuaina e le auala o le aofia. Afai e te faaopoopo potassium permanganate, o le a le discolor. Mu lanu moana malamalama afi nei mea. e mafai ona iloa mai Alkenes e le gata o bromine vai po o potassium permanganate. Uma ua discolored nei mea e ala i le tali ma i latou. Le afioaga o le phenol e mafai foi ona fuafuaina e le faaopoopoina o se fofo o bromine. O lea o le a avea colorless ma le pau precipitate. Gata i lea, e mafai ona iloa mai i le afioaga o le mea e faaaoga ai se fofo chloride ferric lea tuuina atu se lanu Vaioleti-enaena e tali atu i ai. Qualitative tali mo mea faatulagaina e alcohols le vasega e faaopoopo atu i sodium latou. I lenei tulaga, o le hydrogen faʻapēnā. alcohols Combustion faatasi ma se afi le malamalama lanumoana.

e mafai ona iloa mai Glycerin ala hydroxide Cuprum. faia lea glycerate, lea e tuuina atu ai se fofo o lanu cornflower. E mafai ona iloa i le afioaga o aldehydes faaaogaina oxide Argentum. O se taunuuga, e maua Argentum mama lenei tali lea precipitates.

O loo i ai se tali qualitative foi mo aldehyde, lea o loo tauaveina le faaaogaina hydroxide apamemea. Mo lona tatau ona faamafanafana faatinoina fofo. I lenei tulaga, e ao lava ona suia le lanu e lanu moana e lanu samasama ma ia mumu. e mafai ona iloa mai polotini ala i le faaaogaina a acid nitrate. O le iʻuga, e pa'ū precipitate samasama. Afai tatou te faaopoopo hydroxide Cuprum, e violē. Qualitative tali mo mea faatulagaina vasega o acids ua faia e faaaoga litmus po chloride uʻamea. I uma e lua, o le fofo e suia le lanu e mumu. Afai tatou te faaopoopo sodium carbonate faamaloloina o karaponi carbon.

Qualitative cations tali

e mafai ona faaaogaina i latou e iloa ai le i ai i le tali o ions o so o se uʻamea. tofotofoga Qualitative i acid e faailoa puipuiga o H +, lea e aofia ai i latou tuufaatasiga. e mafai ona faia lenei mea i ni auala se lua: e ala i le faaaogaina o litmus po methyl moli. O le mea muamua i se auala e suia lona lanu acidic e mumu, o le lona lua - i piniki.

O le cations o lithium, e mafai ona faailoga ese sodium ma potassium i lo latou afi. Muamua tutu i le mumu, o le lona lua - o se lanu samasama, o le lona tolu - o le afi Vaioleti. ua iloa mai ions kalisiu auala o le faaopoopoina o ni fofo o carbonates, o lea a precipitate paepae.

Qualitative anions tali

O le taatele o latou - o le faailoagofieina o OH-, lea e mafai ona e iloa ai pe oi ai ni mafuaaga fofo. Ina ia faia lenei mea, faailoilo o loo manaomia. E phenolphthalein, methyl moli, litmus. Amataga i lenei siosiomaga maua lanu o le ie ulaula, o le lona lua - lanu samasama, lona tolu - Blue.