Uamea carbon. Faavasegaina, GOST, talosaga

Steel - o le oloa uamea, o le autu o mea fausiaina. Mai ai fua fausia rebar, uamea o talaaga otooto eseese, tubes, vaega, masini ma meafaigaluega.

tuuina atu o uamea

alamanuia uʻamea ma le uamea o loo auai i le tuuina atu o le uʻamea ma le uamea. Uamea - faigata, ae mea anagata. Steel - anagata, faatuatuaina, palasitika, matele i le ua doping uamea faaaogaina i foundries, o le tafe, forging ma stamping.

E tele ni auala o le sila tuuina:

1. Faaliliu. Meafaigaluega: faaliliu okesene. Le moliaga (faavae): sinasina uʻamea lafo, uamea fasi, papa amu. E maua ai na o steels carbon.
2. Tatala-Aiga. Meafaigaluega: ogaumu tatala-Aiga. Totogi: suavaia uʻamea lafo, uamea fasi,'oa uʻamea. Vavai mo steels carbon ma uʻamea filogia ai.
3. Loʻu. Meafaigaluega: ogaumu loʻu eletise. Totogi: uamea fasi, uʻamea puaa, coke, papa amu. O se auala e aoao.
4. Induction. Meafaigaluega: ogaumu Induction. Totogi: uamea ma lafo fasi uʻamea, ferro-alloys.

O le ute o le faagasologa o le gaosiga o le sila - faaitiitia le aofai o inclusions lelei vailaau e maua ai le uamea, lea e popularly taʻua o ia o "uamea" - po o ae, o le uʻamea uʻamea filogia ai o se carbon faamalieina ai e le sili atu i le 2,14%.

deacidification faagasologa

Mo le sila, o le tulaga mulimuli o smelting faagasologa masani pupuna, lea o loo aafia i fananau nitrogen ai, hydrogen, monoxide carbon. O se uʻamea filogia i le faamaaa o tulaga ua i ai se fausaga porous, lea ua aveesea e ala i le taavale. E vaivai ma compressible, ae le lava le anagata.

ua deactivated faagasologa Deacidification e ulufale atu i se mama pupuna i le uʻamea filogia ferromanganese o ferrosilicon, alumini. E faalagolago i le aofai o le residual kasa ma elemene deoxidizing, o le uamea e mafai ona e malolo po o semi-fasiotia.

O le uamea uma manao tikeri o deoxidation ua tuusaunoa le i foafoaina mo crystallization ma faaaoga i laasaga mulimuli ane faagasologa o le gaosia o le oloa uma uamea.

Faavasegaina o uamea carbon

Uma le uamea o loo i ai i le e mafai ona vaevaeina maketi lalolagi i carbon ma uʻamea filogia. ituaiga uma o uamea carbon ua vaevaeina i ni vaega eseese ma vaega o le tusitusiga classifier.

Faavae i luga o le vaega autu faavasegaina ua faaesea:

1. Carbon uamea fausaga. Latou carbon itiiti ifo nai lo 0.8%. o loo faaaogaina mo le gaosia o alapaipa, fuli oloa ma castings.
2. uamea meafaigaluega carbon lea sodrezhat carbon i se aofaiga o mai 0,7% i le 1.3%. o loo faaaogaina i latou mo meafaigaluega, masini meafaigaluega.

E tusa ai ma le auala o deoxidation:

• pupuna - elemene deoxidizing (toe) i le tuufaatasiga e itiiti ifo nai lo le 0.05%;
• semikilled - 0.05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• faatoafilemu - 0,15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

I le tuufaatasiga vailaau:

• carbon maualalo (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• maualuga carbon (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel o loo carbon i se aofaiga maualuga atu nai lo le 1.3%, e le faaaogaina i alamanuia.

E faalagolago i le microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - i se uamea carbon i le tuufaatasiga e itiiti ifo nai lo le 0.8%;
• eutectoid - o se uamea ma se carbon mataupu i totonu o 0.8%;
• vasega hypereutectoid - uamea ma se carbon mataupu silia le 0.8%.

I le tulaga lelei:

1. lelei averesi. Teio o loo i lalo ifo o le 0,06 phosphorus% - e le sili atu nai lo 0,07%.
2. uamea uiga. Latou te le o aofia ai teio ma phosphorus 0,04% sili atu.
3. sili ona lelei. Ona o le aofaiga o teio e itiiti ifo nai lo le 0,025% ma phosphorus - e lē silia le 0,018%.

E tusa ai ma le uamea carbon tulaga vasega faavae e tufatufa:

• uiga masani fausaga;
• lelei fausaga;
• meafaigaluega lelei;
• lelei meafaigaluega.

Aemaise lava le faailogaina uamea fausaga o uiga masani

Steel o uiga masani ona aofia ai: mai - e 0,6%, S - e 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Ia vaai pe o faapefea ona faaigoaina lenei uamea carbon. Standard tusa ma le 380 e faamatala ai le eseese nei tusitusiga:

• A, B, C - vaega; A - e le o taʻua i le tautinoga;
• 0-6 ina ua mavae le tusi "ST" - o se numera serial, lea e faiga o faailoga faalilolilo i le tuufaatasiga vailaau ma (po o) meatotino masini;
• T - Mangan luma o Mn (manganese);
• kp, Sala, c - le tulaga o le deoxidation (pupuna, semi-fasiotia, filemu).

O le numera mai le 1 i le 6 ina ua mavae le faatulagaga o le tulaga o le deoxidation e se vase - o lenei vaega. I lenei tulaga, o le vaega muamua e le faailogaina i soo se auala.

O le tusi M, K faailoga e mafai ona uiga o le amataga auala gaosiga metallurgical: Aiga po o le okesene-faaliliu. Faafuasei, o le carbon uamea o uiga masani tuuina faailoga tuufaatasiga Aofaiga, e uiga i le 47 fasi.

Faavasegaina o steels fausaga o uiga masani

uamea carbon o uiga masani o loo vaevaeina i ni vaega.

• Vaega A: uamea, lea e tatau ona fetaui tonu lava le meatotino masini faamaotiina. e masani ona tuuina atu tagata faatau i le tulaga o se pepa ma eseese fuli (pepa, tees, H fuaiupu, totoga, rivets ma le fale). Faailoga: St0 St1 - St6 (kp, Sala, sp), vaega 1-3, e aofia ai St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Vaega B: uamea, lea e tatau ona faatonutonuina e le tuufaatasiga vailaau talafeagai ma meatotino. faia ai le faaiuga ma faataamilo gaosia, lea o le a noatia i uunaiga machining faaopoopo i le tulaga vevela (forging, stamping). Faailoga: BSt0, BSt1 (kn-cn) BSt2 (kp, Sala) BSt3 (kn-cn, e aofia ai BSt3Gps) BSt4 (kp, Sala), BLS 6 (Sala, cn), vaega 1 ma le 2.
• Vaega B: uamea, lea e tatau ona tausisia ai le vailaau, faaletino, meatotino masini ma faatekinolosi. O lenei vaega o eseesega na fananau mai o le faailoga, o lea ua faia ai o palasitika oloa pepa, faamalosiauga anagata mo nofoaga i le vevela ogaoga, vaega taua (nati, fao, axles, pistons tamatamai lima). oloa uma o eseese tuufaatasiga, meatotino ma ituaiga o le vaega tuufaatasia weldability lelei faatekinolosi. Faailoga: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, Sala, sp), VSt5 (Sala, sp), e aofia VSt3Gps, vaega 1-6.

uamea fausaga o uiga masani - alloys ua faaaogaina lautele le tele o itu-i le alamanuia.

Faailogaina lelei uamea carbon

O le carbon mataupu i totonu o le uamea o fai lelei mai le 0.05% i le 0,6%. Le teʻa o le uamea o le vaega faavasegaina tupu Aiga tatala po o metotia loʻu eletise. A tele o ituaiga carbon luma diversifies meatotino masini: maualalo carbon - palasitika, o auala - malosi.

Tulaga Aupito uamea carbon ua aofia ai P ma le A e le sili atu nai lo 0,04%, faasologa.

Faaigoaina (GOST 1050-88):

• fuainumera 05-60 - luma o se carbon faiga o faailoga faalilolilo (min - 0.05% Max - 0,6%);
• kp, Sala, c - le tulaga o le deoxidation ( "cn" e le faailoa mai);
• T, U, F - o loo manganese, alumini, vanadium.

Faatagaga faapitoa i le igoa

uamea carbon uiga i lona igoa o aofia ai:

• 15K, 20K, 22K - lelei le sila, e faatatau i le fausiaina ogāumu;
• MF-20 - carbon - 0.2%, o talafeagai le uamea i le gaosia o paipa e faataamilo vevela i le ogāumu fausia ma le faapipiiina o faiga faʻavevela, e aofia apamemea ma chromium;
• Masima - Steel mo le gaosia o axles taavale, o loo limasene, chromium, ma apamemea.

Mo ituaiga uma o uamea sili ona lelei faamatalaina e le manaomia e mafai ai e faaaoga vevela (f.t.t., normalizing) ma le togafitiga thermochemical (mo se faataitaiga, cementation).

Faavasegaina o le sila lelei carbon

O lenei ituaiga o carbon uamea e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni vaega 4:

1. Ductility mea talafeagai mo galuega malulu (faataamilo), o le tafe o le pepa ma le faagaau. Brand - 08ps sila, uamea 08, uamea 08kp.
2. O le uamea faaaogaina i le tulei i vevela ma forging, lea o le a faagaoioia i se siosiomaga thermally faigata. Brand - Steel o le 10 i le 25 uamea.
3. Steel, ua maua talosaga i le gaosia o le vaega taua, e aofia ai vaipuna, vaipuna laulaau, couplings, nati, ufanafana. Brand - Steel o le 60 i le 85 uamea.
4. Steel e manaomia ai taotoga faatuatuaina i le siosiomaga saua (f.t.t., o le filifili anufe). Faailoga uamea 30, uamea 50, uamea 30G, uamea 50G.

E mafai ona vaevae foi i ni vaega 2 ituaiga uma le lauiloa o uamea carbon o le vasega uiga: manganese masani fausaga ma fausaga.

O le faaaogaina uamea fausaga o carbon

Steel vasega lelei	togi	talosaga
uiga masani	a0	totoga, siding
	St1	ituaiga, ou-ave, auala
	St3Gsp	fale totogi
	St5sp	bushings, fatu, nati,
	St6ps	fausia crowbars
	VSt4kp	foliga, pepa, fuli vaega uamea mo fausaga anagata
qualitative	Stal10	paipa mo boilers, stamping
	Stal15	Auiliiliga sili ductility, cams, nati, nati
	Stal18kp	weldments
	uamea 20ps	axes, tui, tamatamailima, totoga, paipa
	Stal50	gears, saisaitiaga
	Stal60	spindle, washers, washers tautotogo

uamea meafaigaluega carbon faamatalaina e sili le malosi ma le maʻaʻa. O le a noatia i se togafitiga vevela eseese tulaga.

Le aano carbon i le uamea: 0,7 - 1.3%. Mo le tulaga lelei - e oo atu i 0,03% phosphorus - e oo atu i 0,035%. O se meafaigaluega mo maualuga-lelei: teio - e oo atu i 0,02% phosphorus - e oo atu i 0,03%.

faailoga sēleselega vine (GOST 1435-74):

• U - meafaigaluega carbon;
• 7 -13 - carbon faamalieina ai 0.7-1.3%, faasologa;
• D - O le afioaga o le manganese;
• A - tulaga maualuga.

Faatagaga faapitoa i le mataupu faavae autu o le faailogaina steels meafaigaluega carbon - o le mea mo vaega A75 auala vaalele ASU10E, AU10E.

Manaoga mo uamea meafaigaluega

E tusa ai ma le GOST, e tatau ona feiloai steels meafaigaluega a le numera o uiga.

physicochemical talafeagai ma meatotino masini: maaa faailoilo lelei, maʻaʻa, malosi, tetee atu i suiga o le vevela i le taimi o taotoga (i le vavaeina, viliina, avega aafiaga), tetee corrosion.

meatotino faatekinolosi faamatalaina:

• tetee atu i faiga le lelei tekonolosi vavaeina (PIPIIMAU o chips, faamaaaina);
• machinability lelei liliu ma olo;
• aafia gofie i togafitiga vevela;
• tetee atu i overheating.

Ina ia faateleina le tulaga o masini ma meafaigaluega uamea tapulaa faatekinolosi noatia i se togafitiga vevela multistage:

• annealing le amata mea ao lumanai ai le gaosia meafaigaluega;
• faamalieina (cooling i fofo masima) ma mulimuli ane agavaivai oloa uma (mafuli agavaivai maualalo).

O le maua meatotino ua fuafuaina e le vailaau tuufaatasiga ma microstructure maua: cementite ma martensite e austenite inclusions.

O le faaaogaina o uamea meafaigaluega carbon

Faaaogaina faamatalaina uamea mo meafaigaluega eseese: vavaeina, percussion, ausilali.

• Steel U7, U7A - samala, tofi, axes, tofi, sledgehammers, tofi, faʻamau fagota.
• uamea U8, U8A, U8G - ili, screwdrivers, punches, bores fata, cutters, faʻaū.
• Steel U9, U9A - meafaigaluega nofoa, ma meafaigaluega mo le tipiina o fafie.
• Steel U10, uamea U10A, U11, U11A - rasps, paipa, mimilo drills, o le meafaigaluega o ausilali mo punching ma calibration.
• I le 12, U12A - reamers, paipa, fuaina meafaigaluega.
• Y13, U13A - faila fao, razors ma meafaigaluega taotoga, stamping punches.

uamea carbon vasega filifiliga fetaui tonu ai, o lona tekinolosi togafitiga vevela, o se malamalamaaga o ana meatotino ma uiga - o se tautoga o ola umi gaosia, galueaina pe faaaogaina fausaga po o pepa faaletulafono.